pakk!

pakk! __**Pgs 504-507**__ Channel- manmade canals for water example: Royal Canal in Ireland Hydrosphere- water on,under,and over the surface of the planet example: Earth Pore Spaces- percent of the volume of rock that is oopen space; amount of water rock contains Reservoir- area where water is reserved for later use example: Jung Hua Dam on Dam Han River in Taiwan

Erosional- displacement of soilds by wind, water or ice in a downward slope example: wheat field in Washingtion State University Sinkholes- hole on surface caused by removal of soil example: Georgia Tech, Atlanta



this is a picture of a subterranean in europe.subterranean- existing, occurring, or done under the earth's surface. this picture shows different forms of precipitation. precipitation- rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground. this picture shows the effects pollution has on groundwater and how it travels. groundwater-water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock. Photo of Fleming Creek: the watershed of Fleming Creek has less than 10% impervious surfaces. impervious- not allowing fluid to pass through this picture shows the location of the soil moisture belt and what surrounds it. belt of soil moisture- contains plant roots and water available for plant growth  Topography: Shows surface regions.

zone of aeration: Zone below the surface. An opening filled with air and water. Permeability: ability of water to tramit fluid. gaining stream: Streams that recieve ground water.

Losing stream: Stream loosing water.

saturated zone: below ground opening filled with water.

surface tension
 * a surface of liquid that behaves like a plastic sheet.( it allows insects to walk on water)

transpiration - the evaporation of water from plants leaves, stems, and roots.

water table
 * - it is at the surface where water pressure is the same as the atmospheric pressure.

zones
 * an area of soil underneath the water table.

infiltration
 * **-** it is the downward movement of water through soil.

capillary fringe -
 * - a sub layer where ground water seeps up from the water table to fill up pores.

__**p.507-510**__
retain against the pull of gravity to the total volume of the rock
 * specific retention**. the ratio of the volume of water the rock or sediment will

-
 * aquitard**, which is an impermeable layer along an aquifer


 * aquifer** is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well.

permeability-

voids- empty space ex: shells vesicles- contains water; small cavity formed in volcanic rock by gas bubbles during solidification ex: in ground

Transmit: to move from one to another

Specific Yield: ratio of volume of water that a mass of rock or soil will yield by gravity to the volume of that mass, as a percentage

An illustration of the effects of sorting on the overall porosity of a porous media. The black shapes represent solids, the blue represents pore spaces. porosity- measure of the void spaces in a material, and is measured as a fraction his rock is an example of a cavity caused by dissolution.cavity- an empty space within a solid object this picture shows sorting of rocks. sorting-c omputing the arrangement of data in a prescribed sequence

=**__p.511-514__**=

** hydraulic gradient ** is a vector **gradient** between two or more **hydraulic** head measurements over the length of the flow path

range of opposite items.
 * Heterogeneous** means that something (an object or system) consists of a diverse

springs- point where groundwater flows out of the ground ex:Machinac Island, Michigan

annual runoff- amount of water running over the land surface during the year ex: Africa discharge- to emit; pour ex: stream

perched water table- the surface where the groundwater pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Hot springs- produced by heated groundwater from earth's crust ex: Green Dragon, Yellowstone Thermal- column of rising air in lower altitudes of Earth's atmosphere

Drawdown: Reduction in account equity from a trade or series of trades

Depression:An area that is sunk below its surroundings

Cone of depression: in an aquifer when ground water is pumped from a well hydraulic gradient: Groundwater flows from points of high elevation and pressure to points of low heterogeneous: diffrent types

yellowstone national park is known mostly for its geysers. geyser-a hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air. some people can only get fresh water from wells. well- a shaft sunk into the ground to obtain water, oil, or gas. irrigation systems are used a lot in order to give crops water thuroughly. irrigation-supply water to (land or crops) to help growth, typically by means of channels. this picture appears to be fluctuating before your eyes, but it is really just a mind trick. Fluctuate-rise and fall irregularly in number or amount


 * __Pg 515-519__**


 * non**-**flowing artesian well- a free flowing water well**

** equilibrium ** shows no tendency to alter over time Artesian: rising to the surface under pressure

Aquifer: underground bed or layer of earth, gravel, or stone that contains water Friction:

Fluctuate-rise and fall irregularly in number or amount this diagram shows how an artesian well works. artesian wells flow by themselves; the pressure forces the water out of the well.

this shows a picture of a beautiful spring. springs- a place where water or oil wells up from an underground source, or the basin or flow formed in such a way conduits are used in many various places. Conduits-a channel for conveying water or other fluid recahrge-the replenishment of an aquifer by the absorption of water.

Unconsolidated Sediments: loosly packed rock/gravel/sand etc.

Homogenous: same kind of nature, or consisting of the same parts

non-renewable-non renewable are resources and minerals that you can not use again and have impact on eatth such as sea level

subsidence-is motion of a surface as it shifts downward

__**p. 519-523**__

in a given environment.
 * contamination** is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material

workplace which are capable of causing harm.
 * Hazardous** and toxic substances are defined as those chemicals present in the

sewage: waste that passes through sewers ex- sewage from Israeli settlement

percolates: to pass through a porous substance or small hole

Exacavations: man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface formed by earth removal

Calcium Carbonate: Chemical that also occurs in limestone and marble this shows different asssimilations throughout the united states. Assimilate to absorb and integrate this picture shows how drip water can be purified. Purification-rid (something) of an unwanted element
 * __p.523-527__**

of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite.
 * Karst topography** is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers

A **sinkhole**, also known as a sink, shake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline or cenote, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography

caverns: large cave, underground chamber ex-Linclon Caverns

subterranean: under water, below surface of earth ex: inside a cave is sub. lake dripstone: the form of calcium carbonate found in stalactites and stalagmites

ex: Wallenstein Castle, Prague

Sinks: drop in level

Tower Karst: An area of irregular limestone in which erosion has produced fissures this picture shows an optical illusion type of conical. conical- having the shape of a cone. stilagmites are often found in caves. Stalagmites-a mound or tapering column rising from the floor of a cave, formed ofcalcium salts deposited by dripping water and often uniting with a stalactite. this geologic column is located in colorado. column- an upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete,supporting an entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument

speleotherms-when discharge or carbon dioxide may alter waters ability to hold minerals in solution carrying solutes to precipitate. these precipitates may form speleotherms

stalactites-is a type of speleotherm that hangs from ceiling or wall of limestone caves. sometimes referred to as a dripstone

soda straw-is a hollow on the insdie and has water dripping though it over time the inside cloges with calcite causing the stalcite to grow larger